Question

【題目】

Many studieshave shown us that our memories aren't completely trustable. It can be difficult to tell a real memory from a false one, but one kind of memories is tested to be unreal: anything "remembered" before age 2. According to a new study published inPsychological Science, nearly 40 percent of people are sure that they remember events before this age, but their brains are almost certainly lying to them.

There’s a reason you don’t remember anything from when you were a baby: Your brain just wasn't wired to record information that way. Infants (嬰兒) use their memories when they first start to walk, talk, eat, and learn in general, but that all falls into the non-declarative memory category (非陳述性記憶范疇). Declarative memory, on the other hand, describes the events that happened to you, and it's specific to the hippocampus region (海馬區(qū)) of the brain. For example, people with hippocampal damage can’t tell you much about their own lives, but they can still walk or talk.

In the first couple years of a child's life, the hippocampus is in overdrive. It keeps growing neurons (神經(jīng)元) to make room for all the new information the young brain is absorbing. This is what allows babies to learn so much at such a fast rate, but it also means they have to sacrifice their long-term declarative memory. As new neurons form, old ones are pushed out, along with the autobiographical (自傳體的)memories they stored.

It isn't until age 2 that this growth starts to slow down and the hippocampus becomes able to save declarative memories for a longer period. But adults can still feel sure they remember events from much earlier. When researchers asked 6,641 study participants to describe their first memories and say how old they were when they happened, 2,487 people reported memories from before age 2.

As these numbers suggest, it's surprisingly easy to believe the stories you tell yourself or that were told to you are true, first-hand recollections. For example, you clearly remember dropping your ice cream cone at the zoo when you were 1.5 years old. What's likely happening is that you're remembering the picture that played in your head when your parents shared their own memories of the event when you were a few years older, or maybe you saw pictures taken from that day and you formed false memories around them.

Memory doesn't become simpler as we grow up. Even people with super autobiographical memory are susceptible (易受影響的) to false memories.

【1】What can we learn from the first two paragraphs?

A.Brains can change false memories into real ones.

B.Babies before age 2 can hardly remember how to walk.

C.Most adults remember everything from their early ages.

D.Declarative memories describe the things happened to us.

【2】The word “sacrifice” in Paragraph 3 probably means _______________.

A.give upB.care forC.work outD.connect with

【3】Some adults reported memories from before age 2 because______.

A.they save more declarative memories than other people

B.they might remember pictures their parents shared later

C.they might have larger brains to store the information

D.they are influenced by the fast growth of their brains

【4】What is the passage mainly about?

A.Children’s development before age 2 is important.

B.Brains save different memories in different areas.

C.Researches on infants have led to a new discovery.

D.People’s memories before age 2 are probably lies.

Answer 1

【答案】

【1】D

【2】A

【3】B

【4】D

【解析】

文章大意：許多研究表明，我們的記憶并不完全可信。很難區(qū)分真實的記憶和虛假的記憶，但有一種記憶被測試為不真實的：任何在2歲之前“被記住”的東西。根據(jù)發(fā)表在《心理科學(xué)》雜志上的一項新研究，近40%的人確信他們能記住這個年齡之前的事情，但他們的大腦幾乎肯定在欺騙他們。隨著我們的成長，記憶不會變得簡單。即使是具有超強自傳體記憶的人也容易受到錯誤記憶的影響。

【1】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)It can be difficult to tell a real memory from a false one, but one kind of memories is tested to be unreal: anything "remembered" before age 2. 很難區(qū)分真實的記憶和虛假的記憶，但有一種記憶被測試為不真實的：任何在2歲之前“被記住”的東西。和Infants (嬰兒) use their memories when they first start to walk, talk, eat, and learn in general, but that all falls into the non-declarative memory category (非陳述性記憶范疇). Declarative memory, on the other hand, describes the events that happened to you, and it's specific to the hippocampus region (海馬區(qū)) of the brain. 嬰兒一般在第一次開始走路、說話、吃飯和學(xué)習(xí)時使用記憶，但這都屬于非陳述性記憶范疇。另一方面，陳述性記憶描述了發(fā)生在你身上的事件，它是大腦海馬區(qū)特有的�？芍�，根據(jù)我們從前兩段中學(xué)習(xí)到了描述發(fā)生在我們身上的事情的記憶。故選D。

【2】詞意猜測題。根據(jù)This is what allows babies to learn so much at such a fast rate, but it also means they have to sacrifice their long-term declarative memory. 這就是為什么嬰兒能夠以如此快的速度學(xué)習(xí)如此之多，但這也意味著他們必須犧牲長期的陳述性記憶�？芍�，第3段中的“犧牲”一詞可能意味著放棄。故選A。

【3】本題考查推斷題。選項A譯為“他們比其他人保存了更多的陳述性記憶”；選項B譯為“他們可能記得他們的父母之后與他們分享的照片”；選項C譯為“他們可能有更大的大腦存儲信息”；選項D譯為“他們受到大腦快速發(fā)展的影響”。根據(jù)題干信息“some adults reported memories from before2”可以定位到文中第四段最后一句，第五段詳細說明具體原因，定位關(guān)鍵信息“when your parents shared their own memories of the event when you were a few years older，or maybe you saw pictures taken from that day and you formed false memories around them.”，故正確答案為B。

【4】本題考查主旨題。文章第一段提出主旨“最新研究顯示我們的記憶并不完全可信。要想?yún)^(qū)分真實的記憶和錯誤的記憶是很困難的，但是有一種記憶被證實是不真實的，那就是任何兩歲前的“記憶”；文章第二、三和四段從嬰兒大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的角度論述嬰兒不可能具備2歲前的記憶；文章第五段論述人們自以為具備2歲前記憶可能的原因；文章第六段再次強調(diào)觀點“即使擁有超級自傳體記憶的人也容易收到錯誤記憶的影響”，故正確答案為D。

閱讀理解一般考查學(xué)生的細節(jié)理解能力、主旨理解能力和推理判斷能力。做閱讀理解題，首先要準確理解題意，然后根據(jù)題意和短文內(nèi)容選出正確的答案。（1）考查細節(jié)理解能力，此類型題較簡單，學(xué)生準確理解題意后，直接到文中找出答案。（2）考查猜詞能力。做這種題型時，學(xué)生要根據(jù)上下文意思準確猜出詞義。3）考查推理判斷能力，此類題型較難，學(xué)生要準確理解題意后，在文中找出相關(guān)的內(nèi)容做出合理的推斷。本文主要考查學(xué)生的細節(jié)理解能力。準確理解題意后，到文中找出相關(guān)的敘述，做出正確的判斷。例如，第3小題，根據(jù)What's likely happening is that you're remembering the picture that played in your head when your parents shared their own memories of the event when you were a few years older, or maybe you saw pictures taken from that day and you formed false memories around them.可能發(fā)生的事情是，你正在回憶起你幾歲時父母分享自己對這件事的記憶時在你腦海中播放的畫面，或者你看到了那天拍攝的照片，你在他們周圍形成了錯誤的記憶。可知，一些成年人報告說他們2歲以前的記憶，因為他們可能記得他們父母后來分享的照片。故選B。